Personal Statement,The purpose of the study Statement

,The reason for the investigation - Personal Statement Example My doctoral qualification in instructive innovation would outfit with tremendous information and aptitudes and assist me with adding to extending instructive projects through new mechanism of advanced innovation. Correspondence innovation elevates exceptionally imaginative way to deal with training and my enthusiasm for online instructive projects would get an incredible lift through my doctoral program. As of late, online instruction has progressively gotten mainstream over the globe. It offers new would like to individuals who were up to this point not ready to seek after instruction or advanced education because of individual limitations. Online instruction or separation training furnishes individuals with tremendous choices to gain new abilities and information to address the difficulties of time and contend effectively. I might want to add to the online instruction through profoundly inventive technique of website architecture and present structure instructive livelinesss. I unequivocally accept that mixed media in training gigantically encourages learning capacities of understudies and helps meet their individual requirements for ideal accomplishment. My PhD would help gain aptitude in the picked field with the goal that it could be utilized to accomplish my long haul and transient objectives throughout everyday life. I am likewise profoundly determined individual with driven objectives in the region of online instructive projects. I might want to accomplish the most elevated level of expert greatness, regarding picking up information and experience to arrive at the situation of Professor in a famous college. The advancing instructional innovation is colossally testing and offers immense degree for individual and expert turn of events. In particular, in the territory of separation training, online courses use innovation reasonably to convey the more extensive objectives of instruction and make it available to individuals from various segment fragment over the globe. In addition, the online courses likewise help advance new educational plans and approach that not just

The American industrial revolution essay

The American mechanical transformation exposition The American mechanical transformation exposition The American mechanical transformation essayThe progressive nature of the last quarter of the nineteenth century affected Native Americans, Immigrants and Farmers. In his discourse, William Jennings Bryan set accentuation on the financial advancement of the nation, just as on the business interests of the country. He assessed the Gold Standard as a significant budgetary request (Bryan, W. J. (1896, July 8). It is realized that the utilization of the Gold Standard in the nation’s money happened in the late19-th century.The most progressive social and financial advancements of the last quarter of the nineteenth century incorporate the American Civil War (1861-1865), the development of the U.S. modern force, the development of new innovations (tradable parts, the utilization of mechanical production system, the creation of the gas motor, and so on.), extension of household and outside business sectors, transportation framework (the structure of railways), change of horticulture s egments (sharecropping framework), and so forth. (Bowles, 2011). In Hawksworth’s The American mechanical transformation, there is a lot of significant data on the impacts of the progressive social and financial improvements on individuals in the United States.Different gatherings of Americans reacted to those progressions in various manners. Local Americans experienced the addition of their regions. They were evacuated to reservations. For Immigrants, the last quarter of the nineteenth century was a time of adjustment. The rush of migration from Ireland, Italy and numerous different nations prompted changing social setting. Numerous Immigrants confronted segregation due to their strict convictions. For instance, â€Å"Catholicism and Judaism were unfamiliar to the essentially Protestant Americans† (Gabbidon, 2010, p. 68). Also, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 precluded mass movement from Asian nations. Ranchers confronted the issue of out of line costs or value separatio n in the late 19-th century. The viability of their reactions was self-evident. Individuals challenged separation and imbalances. Government assumed a significant job in these improvements as a result of enactment, which constrained the privileges of Native Americans, Immigrants and Farmers.

Photo Tour The Minimalists Open a Coffeehouse

Photo Tour The Minimalists Open a Coffeehouse Exciting news! In January 2016, we, along with a trio of like-minded friends, opened an intentional, multi-roaster coffeehouseâ€"Bandit Coffee Co.â€"in St. Petersburg, Florida.  Were thrilled to soon  be spending more time in the Sunshine State, especially after the theatrical run of our documentary, Minimalism. Last weekend we published a photo tour of our simple, well-curated shop on Instagram. Youll find photos from our tour, as well as some favorites from our cofounders and customers, at the bottom of this post. Based on the feedback, the vast majority of our audience loved the tour; however, a handful of naysayers confused our new endeavor as an advertisement, saying we preach about minimalism, so we shouldnt sell coffee, and that only actions are intentional, not shops. But, of course, theres an appreciable difference between advertising and communication. We use our social platforms, blog, and podcast to share our lives, express our views, and communicate with people who find value in our message. We dont, however, advertise (read  why we dont advertise), and we dont preach anything. We simply share our story, and this coffeehouse is a new chapter within that story. Besides, minimalism is not about deprivationâ€"it is about curation. Bandit is something were passionate about, and our team has worked hard to create a meaningful space that aligns with our values. Perhaps Joshua Weaver, one of our cofounders, explained it best: The shop is indeed intentional. St. Petersburg desperately needed a quality place to socialize and pass the time during the day. Our coffee selection is something were really proud of. Not only does it benefit the consumer by great taste, but we also get to support some amazing roasters, all of whom are independent companies. These roasters ethically source directly from farmers, or act with fair-trade importersâ€"both of which have helped revolutionize how we look at sourcing coffee responsibility. As far as our pricing, our customers come from all backgrounds and enjoy being in a nice space where they can spend as little as two bucks for a cup of coffee. Its not about fancy aestheticâ€"its about intention. The products we sell have been carefully and purposefully chosen, many of which are from local artisans who create  functional products. We arent a corporate company, and we dont want to be. We want to bring people together. We opened the shop with a primary objective in mind: to invest in peopleâ€"our staff and the local community. Coffee comes second to that. Thankfully, most folks understood what we were attempting to do: I honestly look at these photos as look at this beautiful thing we created. I find them inspiring, and I only wish there was a shop so serene and intentional where I live. Personally, I enjoy these photos, and I never once thought of them as advertisements. [The Minimalists] just want to share the joy of starting something new. Exactly. Bandit Coffee Co. is now part of The Minimalists life, and were eager to share it with you via the photos below (and in person, if youre ever in the area). And if you are  in the Tampa Bay Area, you can join Joshua Fields Millburn and the local minimalist.org meetup group at 7 PM EST on March 9, 2016, for a special free meetup event at Bandit Coffee Co. Bandit Photo Tour View this post on Instagram WEEKENDS w/ @theholedonuts ???? + a vegan donut selection now joins the bunch â€" lemon glaze! A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Feb 20, 2016 at 6:12am PST View this post on Instagram Welcome to St. Petersburg, @joshuafieldsmillburn! On the 23rd we are excited to have @theminimalists showing their documentary in our space. We have just opened up an additional 25 standing-room-only tickets for the event. For more info visit us at BanditCoffee.co/minimalists. A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Jan 16, 2016 at 3:45pm PST View this post on Instagram Meet Katie, our newest Bandit! @ketiileanne is a true ray of sunshine. We couldnt be happier to have her join the team. Give Katie a warm welcome feel free to ask about her love of cats, coffee, and music. ?????? A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Feb 29, 2016 at 8:27am PST View this post on Instagram KUMA! Were slinging something new from @kumacoffee • AURA PEREZ, a Colombian coffee with a delicious almond sweetness is now on bar as espresso pour over. Also, decaf is back in action! While were almost done for the day, well see you back here at 8 AM with EVEN MORE @theholedonuts! A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Feb 13, 2016 at 2:21pm PST View this post on Instagram Were playing night owl and working late to install more newness in the shop. ?? A few surprises also soon to come this week. As we continue to grow, were learning how to serve you even better. We hear you, were here for you, and we love you, St. Pete. Stay tuned, yall! Well see you tomorrow at 8. ?? A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Feb 17, 2016 at 5:09pm PST View this post on Instagram Theres finally a great place to get coffee in the Grand Central District. Lucky for us its two blocks away from our current kitchen headquarters ???? I felt really uncool going in there because it is VERY cool. So beware St. Pete if you see a plaid cladding bandanna head wrap wearing bumpkin in the ultra minimal super hip new coffee shop, its probably me. #communitynotcompetition #coffee #minimalism #craftcoffee #toocool A post shared by The Urban Canning Co. Florida (@theurbancanningco) on Feb 4, 2016 at 7:17am PST View this post on Instagram Were blown away that our first event SOLD OUT in just over 24 hours. Were glad youre just as excited as we are to host @theminimalists and a private screening of #MinimalismFilm next month. If you werent able to snag tickets, you can still hang out with Joshua Ryan on January 24 25 at the shop where they will join us as guest baristas! Its going to be a great time, and even better, all tips will go towards orphan care. Check the link for more details + RSVP. (P.S. â€" Nope, you did not miss an opening date announcement. Were still working on finalizing that, but we look forward to seeing you in the new year!) A post shared by Bandit Coffee Co. (@banditcoffeeco) on Dec 19, 2015 at 11:16am PST View this post on Instagram Incredible service and drinks @banditcoffeeco. Amazing space, guys! #?? #thirdwavecoffee #specialtycoffee A post shared by Joel Rudolph (@joelrudolph) on Feb 25, 2016 at 3:33pm PST View this post on Instagram meet Franklin. ?? A post shared by sarah anne siroky weaver (@sarahsiroky) on Feb 26, 2016 at 4:56pm PST Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Analysis Of My Life As An Undocumented Immigrant - 1127 Words

Jose Antonio Vargas, a Pulitzer Prize winning author, shares his life-long journey as an undocumented immigrant in his text, â€Å"My Life as an Undocumented Immigrant.† As the title suggests, Vargas attempts to convey to his audience, who likely never has and never will experience anything similar to what he has, what it is like to live as an immigrant in the United States of America. Skillfully, Vargas details the perfect number of personal stories to reach the emotional side of his audience, which is anyone who is not an immigrant. Through the use of his personal accounts Vargas is able to effectively communicate that immigrants are humans too while simultaneously proving his credibility, as he has experience and a vast amount of knowledge†¦show more content†¦However, this is just one of the many examples in the text where Vargas uses pathos through his vulnerability to persuade his audience. Vulnerability is a compelling aspect of this text and Vargas consistentl y uses it throughout the text to appeal to his audience’s sympathy. This is made brazenly obvious when Vargas tells the audience he is gay and then proceeds to write, â€Å"Tough as it was, coming out about being gay seemed less daunting than coming out about my legal status.† By telling his audience it is harder to come out to people as an undocumented immigrant than it is to tell people he is gay, it puts everything in perspective. While both gay and immigrants are highly debated topics, the typical American understands how hard it is to come out as gay. It is a challenging and taxing experience to come out as gay because not everyone agrees with that lifestyle. By comparing the two, his audience, legal Americans, are able to begin to understand how formidable coming out as an undocumented immigrant truly is. Vargas strongly appeals to pathos by comparing undocumented immigration to sexuality, evoking empathy from his audience. Even more frequently, his use of  "undocumented† immigrants rather than â€Å"illegal† immigrants. Simply by calling himself and others â€Å"undocumented,† it provides a positive impression for the reader. This is a stark contrast to news and society, both of which refer to them as â€Å"illegal† immigrants. Referring toShow MoreRelatedMy Life As An Undocumented Immigrant Analysis961 Words   |  4 PagesJose Vargas tells the story of his life; from coming to America, finding out that he is residing here illegally, learning how to live with that, and finally to sharing with everyone that he is an undocumented immigrant. Jose has a difficult task in front of him, though. He must win his audience over to his side so that he can further his agenda of developing an easier path for undocumented immigrants to receive citizenship. There are many ways he could go about this, trying to skirt the topic ofRead MoreImmigration And Customs Enforcement Officer And A Relative Who Experienced Staying At Different Detention Centers1060 Words   |  5 Pages Findings and Analysis In my findings and analysis I will have the opportunity to answer the research question, I interview a Immigration and Customs Enforcement Officer and a relative who experienced staying at different detention centers in Texas for six months before she was deported to El Salvador. Before I started with the interviews I let them know about my research question and then I followed up with interrogations and thoughts, details and opinions. The first interview I conducted wasRead MoreRedefining Illegal Immigrant : An Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesVeronica Hidalgo Professor Jennifer Russum ENG 105- 73060 14 October 2015 Redefining Illegal Immigrant There are many phrases that dehumanize an individual. One of these phrases is illegal immigrant. The phrase has been used by media outlets, politicians, and the public for years in the United States. It diminishes the idea that diversity is substantially vast in our country (Chomsky, 2014). â€Å"Immigrants exhibit a large proportion of ingenious and valuable workmen,† said Founding Father, Thomas JeffersonRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ruth Gomberg Munoz s Labor And Legality : An Ethnography Of A Mexican Immigrant Network1444 Words   |  6 Pagesand Emic Analysis of Culture In Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz’s book, Labor and Legality: An Ethnography of a Mexican Immigrant Network, she allows us to enter the everyday lives of ten undocumented Mexican workers all living in the Chicago area. Ruth Gomberg-Muà ±oz refers to Chuy, Alejandro, Leonardo, Luis, Manuel, Omar, Rene, Roberto, Lalo, and Albert the ten undocumented Mexicans as the â€Å"Lions†. This book shares the Lions many stories from, their daily struggle of living as an undocumented immigrant in AmericaRead MoreImmigration Policies During The 9 / 11848 Words   |  4 Pagespolicies, and meso-social analysis of how the immigrants in certain communities adapt. Rosenblum looks at the immigration policies before and after the 9/11 tragedy in the United States, and how the incident impacted the immigration laws amended/proposed, or blocked from passing (namely comprehensive immigration reform). Martin looks at the types of immigration, history of immigration and immigrations laws, and demographic, economical and political impacts of the immigrants. He provides a comprehensiveRead MoreImmigration And The United States1464 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy, the government had to redefine the policy as problems arose. Immigration reforms are challenging the laws that are currently in place. The law focuses on the issues related to undocumented workers, law enforcement in reference to illegal immigrants and border patrol. Due to the vast numbers of the immigrant population, others issues are to be considered in the legislature in order to set policies in place. In setting immigration policies, issues such as the economy, human rights, nationalRead More Rhetoric in the American Immigration Debate Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagesor an appeal to emotions. All speakers and writers use the tripartite approach to rhetoric in varying degrees and ultimately the audience judges their effectiveness in the context presented. In America, few topics are as hotly debated as that of undocumented migration, and it can be difficult to pick through the partisan and often vitriolic rhetoric in order to come to a rational conclusion. Politicians frame the debate using elements of the American mythos. While the evid ence they present to backRead MoreImmigration Is Not New Topic1097 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration is not new topic in history. Human beings always move to new places to find resources to survive in this world. My family is a clear example of migration. Some of my family immigrated from Michoacà ¡n to Mexico State, some others decided to immigrate to the USA. My generation is the fourth in the USA, my great grand parents came to USA in Braceros program, but my generation is the first to establish USA as their home. How many people do they have similar situation, or a history of migrationRead MorePeople Hear The Word Immigration1647 Words   |  7 PagesYasmine Sanchez English 1302 T-Th 7-8:30 Professor M.H. Andrews 06 November 2015 They are here, Embrace for impact In this day and age, when people hear the word immigration, they quickly come up with what it means to be an immigrant and make up their own conclusion about the hot topic issue. What we as Americans believe immigration is depends on a lot of different factors, such as, what we do for a living, what part of the United States we live in, and most importantly our very own personalRead MoreSpare Parts, An Inspirational True Story About Four Undocumented High School Students1476 Words   |  6 PagesSpare Parts is an inspirational true story about four undocumented high school students. These students enter a robotics competition together and come in first place. Throughout the movie they face many challenges and obstacles and still manage to come at the top. This movie has a great message behind it. This movie shows the problems that undocumented families face day by day. Oscar Vazquez is one of the four high school students who was attending the American Forces Career Center

Corporate Social Responsibility And Csr - 4210 Words

Executive Summary The topic of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has grown very quickly. In our century there are several strategies that companies are using to run their businesses. Population is demanding that companies take their social responsibility in a different way. A lot of companies have started to get in involve in CSR as a strategy in order to obtain benefits that can give them a competitive advantage. There is an increasing number of companies and a tendency of CSR involvement to run their businesses. Statistics are showing that implementing a correct CSR can help companies to succeed in business by increasing brand awareness and sales volume. In order to grow, develop, and go global businesses are using many strategies. CSR is a topic that now a day has grown rapidly. Every day, customers are supporting companies that are taking their social responsibility very seriously. Companies are engaging CSR as a strategy in order to improve benefits and obtain advantage over their competitors. The numbers of companies that are engaging their CSR are increasing every day. At the present time, CSR can motivate companies to be successful in business by increasing sales volume and brand awareness. Introduction In our century, society and environment are very interrelated. Companies are playing an essential piece in the development of the society and the environment. On the other hand, companies have the responsibility to practice a correct CSR. As theShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and programs of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a

How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience Free Essays

The film review about the movie ‘I now pronounce you Chuck ; Larry’ written by Pavel Ivanov is well suited to its audience who the writer describes as the ‘Adam Sandler crowd’, although Ivanov does indicate that audiences who get pleasure from comical films, would probably enjoy the blatant crude humour in this movie for example the ‘dropped soap in the shower routine’ Ivanov’s implied meaning is that those who’d laugh at this type of humour have no taste and lack intelligence, as this ‘type of humour’ has intentionally been put into the movie as it is the ‘most lucid strategy’ to win over audiences One of the purposes of the review is to denigrate the movie as an unintelligent film for those who are dim-witted, as it is full of ‘primitive weaponry of toilet humour’ and ‘gay-clichi jokes’, but at the same time Ivanov maintains a neutral stance by complimenting the movie on some of its achievements ‘subverts the gambit of any other ‘serious’ gay movie’. The lexis used in the review is overall formal, with some elements of colloquialism such as ‘the icing on the cake’. You can read also We will write a custom essay sample on How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience? or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/audience-adaptation-paper/"Audience Adaptation Paper He uses such conversational style lexis to amuse and engage his audience. Ivanov establishes himself with the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ to identify with readers as someone who has seen the movie thus immediately capturing the readers’ interest and trust. He directly addresses his readers by using the second person singular pronoun ‘you’ Ivanov uses this device to draw in his readers in to the review as well as deliver a personal message to them about the film. The writer applies a subordinate clause to give additional information about the movie to the audience. By combining the sentence with a relative clause, Ivanov’s text becomes more fluent to readers. ‘Interesting thing this movie does is that while staying within the constraints of a broad comedy, it subverts the typical gambit of any other serious gay film’ this is also a compound sentence as it adds detail of the movie and gives it a justification it also gives it a rationale, and makes a simple sentence more compelling and informative. He describes his disbelief in the plot of the movie by using a comparative sentence ‘instead of seeing a homosexual feigning happiness in a straight marriage’ he then adds supplementary information about the movie he’s writing about (‘think, the hours or normal’) here Ivanov displays his skepticism as to why someone would want to watch a movie with such a bizarre plot ‘straight men come from a bastion of heroic manliness- the New York fire fighting service’ this is ironic as you expect straight men to be fire fighters. Ivanov uses double modifiers to describe a famous actor in the movie as ‘bizarrely bankable’ by using the lexis ‘bizarrely’ Ivanov expresses to his audiences his disbelief in why this actor is so ‘bankable’ although Ivanov could also be amazed about the actors performance that not only can he do funny and serious but that he can do the two simultaneously in the movie as he addresses a serious message to the audience that ‘bias is bad’ and still keep it comic. In the opening paragraph Ivanov uses the adjective ‘energetic’ and follows it up with the post-modifier ‘crassness’ Ivanov’s constant emphasis on the vulgarity of the movie, leads the readers to consider whether they would watch such an offensive film at all, thus reinforcing Ivanov’s earlier point that the movie is not worth watching as it is aimed at unintelligent audiences, and that the only basis one should watch the movie ought to be for ‘academic interest’. Ivanov describes a ridiculous scene in the movie ‘a three legged hippo doing ballet’ his implication being that such strange humour is not only typical but it is what has made him a household name in comedies ‘still an Adam Sandler movie’ The text contains lots of exophoric references (‘Big daddy, happy Gilmore’) which have been put in parenthesis to add supplementary information. â€Å"Larry (Kevin James)† parenthesis is commonly used in the text by Ivanov to signify to audiences the formality of the review. The writer uses many anaphoric references one example is ‘the set up is contrived as they come, but this is part of the joke’. What both lexis ‘the set up and ‘this’ share is that – they have the same reference. On the whole Ivanov is successful in keeping track of the various people and things he mentions in his review by building a reference chain this makes Ivanov’s writing more coherent to audiences. The example given above is also a dependant clause as it cannot stand by it self it needs it an independent clause to make the sentence complete. Ivanov constantly reminds audiences of the crudity of the movie, but he changes his strategy this time by picking out bits of the film that he feels his readers would be alarmed by ‘feel Alex’s breasts. ‘ This displays Ivanov’s desperation as he is trying everything to persuade the readers not to watch the movie. The key purpose that Pavel Ivanov has written the review is to persuade audiences not to watch the movie, his underlining reason being that it would ‘offend you’ rather than ‘amuse you’. I suppose he is successful in convincing readers not to watch the movie, one effective regular feature I can identify Ivanov uses in his review is the first person singular pronoun ‘I’ he uses this to his advantage as he introduces himself to his readers as a reliable impartial critic, which is clearly not the case as he regularly belittles the movie and the individuals it is aimed at. This might make some readers feel uneasy as they do not count themselves part of the ‘Adam Sandler crowd’ consequently readers contemplate on whether it is worth watching this movie at all this. Ivanov’s unrelenting pressurising of readers makes him successful in achieving his target. How to cite How effectively does Pavel Ivanov use language to persuade his/her audience?, Essays

The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt Essay Example For Students

The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt Essay THE TEN PLAGUES UPON EGYPTTo escape punishment for killing an Egyptian, Moses ran away to Midian, where he met and married the daughter of a shepherd. During that time, the king of Egypt died, and the Israelites called out to God in their suffering. In the past, God had made a covenant with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob concerning the fate of them and their descendants, and the time had come for Him to rescue them. While Moses was tending his father-in-laws sheep, he led the sheep through the desert until they arrived at Mt. Horeb. There, the angel of the Lord appeared to Moses in the form of flames from a bush. The Lord told Moses that He saw the misery that the Israelites were suffering at the hands of the Egyptians, and would come and rescue them. He instructed Moses to go to the Pharaoh, ask that the Israelites be freed, and then lead them out of Egypt and into the land of the Canaanites. When Moses objected that neither Pharaoh nor his own people would support him, God let him know t hat He knew Pharaohs heart would harden against Him, so He would show His power to the Egyptians by raining down calamities against them. This display of anger for the Egyptians who refused to follow His will was manifested in ten plagues. God, working through Moses and Aaron, brought misery after misery upon Pharaoh and the Egyptians. We will write a custom essay on The Ten Plagues Upon Egypt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1. The first plague involved changing the water of the Nile River into blood. Moses warned Pharaoh that unless he let the Israelites go to worship God, the river would turn to blood, the fish would die, the water would stink, and the people would not be able to drink. Even the water stored in jars would turn to blood. Pharaoh disobeyed, and God let loose his wrath. Pharaoh hardened his heart as God had said, and walked back into his palace. 2. The second plague occurred seven days later. When the Pharaoh refused yet again to obey God, the Lord brought frogs out of the land. They filled the Nile, and every home, bed and oven. Pharaoh then agreed to free the Israelites if God removed the frogs. God caused the frogs to die the next day, but Pharaoh hardened his heart and broke his end of the agreement. God then sent a third plague. 3. Everywhere throughout Egypt, the Lord changed dust into gnats. They covered men, animals and all of the land. Even Pharaohs magicians saw this was the work of God, but Pharaoh still would not listen. God knew this was going to happen and sent Moses to Pharaoh to demand freedom, or a fourth plague would descend upon him and his people. Like before, he refused. 4. This fourth plague brought flies over the entire land, except for Goshen, which was where the Israelites lives. Moses had gone and warned Pharaoh of this, and let him know that Goshen would be spared to prove Gods power to the Pharaoh. When the flies came, they poured into the palace and the homes of Pharaohs officials. They covered the land and ruined it. Pharaoh again agreed to free the Israelites so that they could go to the desert and make sacrifices to worship God, but only if the flies were taken away. Again, a deal was made, and God caused every last fly to leave. Yet once again,Pharaoh hardened his heart and would not let the people go. 5. Then the Lord sent Moses to warn Pharaoh of a fifth plague, in which all of Egypts livestock would die, but not the Israelites. Pharaoh chose not to obey, and the next day, God brought His plague. Pharaoh sent his men to investigate the livestock of the Israelites, and even though he saw that not one was harmed, he still disobeyed God. .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .postImageUrl , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:visited , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:active { border:0!important; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:active , .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7 .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf1b8892412f6cec08b67f1509ded3cb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive: Overpopulation Essay6. God then created a sixth plague, the plague of boils, to sweep across the land. Moses took soot from the furnace and tossed it in the air before the Pharaoh, It became fine dust over the whole land and on every man and animal that it landed on caused a terrible outbreak of boils, but Pharaoh still refused to free the Israelites. 7. At this point, God instructed Moses to go once again to Pharaoh, only this time the punishment for disobedience would be even greater. Moses was to tell Pharaoh that God had given him many chances to let His people go, and now He would display His true power. A hailstorm unlike any seen before would fall upon Egypt. The next day, a tremendous hailstorm struck Egypt. Lightning flashed through the sky, and every man and animal outside was killed, all crops were beaten down, and all trees were stripped bare. Only Goshen was spared. Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and told them he had sinned and was wrong. He would allow the Israelites to leave if Moses would pray and end the storm. Moses said that he would, but he knew that Pharaoh still did not fear God. He left the city and spread his hands toward the Lord. The storm ended, and Pharaoh saw this and again hardened his heart even further. 8. God instructed Moses to go to Pharaoh once more. He explained how he had deliberately hardened Pharaohs heart, and those of his officials, so that he could perform these miracles, which were to be retold to his descendants. Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and warned him that if he refused to free their people, a plague of locusts would enter the country. Pharaohs officials told him to let the people go, as Egypt was ruined. Pharaoh agreed, but would only allow the men to go; no women and children would leave. Moses protested that all had to come as they were to celebrate a festival to the Lord. Pharaoh refused him and drove them away. Moses stretched out his staff over the land as God instructed him to do, and a wind from the east blew across the land all day and all night. By the morning, the wind had brought locusts. They covered all of Egypt. There were so many that the ground was blackened. They ate all that was left after the hailstorm, everything in the fields, every fruit l eft on the trees. No plant or tree was left in all of Egypt. Quickly, Pharaoh summoned Moses and admitted his sin. He would allow the people to go, if this plague would leave. Moses prayed to the Lord, and a west wind blew in, which caught up the locusts and blew them into the Red Sea. God then hardened Pharaohs heart, and he refused to let the Israelites go. 9. Then the Lord told Moses to stretch his hand toward the sky and darkness would spread over Egypt. Moses did this, and complete darkness covered all of Egypt for three days. No one could see anything or leave their homes, except for the Israelites, who had light in the places they lived. Pharaoh called for Moses and told him to go and worship God. Even the women and children could go, but the animals had to stay behind. Moses insisted that the animals come too, because sacrifices and offerings had to be made. Pharaoh refused and became angry. He told Moses to leave and never appear in front of him again. Moses agreed and told him he would never see him again. 10. God spoke to Moses again, and told him that He would send one more plague down on Egypt, after which the Israelites would not only be freed, but also driven out completely. For this reason, they were to go to their neighbors and ask for silver and gold. God made the Egyptians kind toward the Israelites so that they would give these items to them. Then he instructed him on the final plague. On the tenth of the month, the people of Israel were to gather firstborn male lambs and on the fourteenth they were to slaughter them for food and smear their doorframes with their blood. On that night, the Lord would pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn male, both men and animals, and would bring judgment against the Egyptian gods. The blood on the doors would be a sign to Him of the Israelites, and this horrible plague would pass over them. God gave them further instructions on what to eat and what not to, and how else to observe this event. This was to represent a lasting festi val to the Lord for all future generations. It was to be a day to commemorate. Moses explained this to the elders of Israel and instructed them that this was a lasting ordinance for them and all their descendants. Once they entered the land the Lord had promised, they were to observe this ceremony. The Israelites bowed down, worshiped, and did as the Lord commanded. .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .postImageUrl , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:visited , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:active { border:0!important; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:active , .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617 .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2228fd62871f2d49e404597c21b41617:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In The Skin Of A Lion EssayAt midnight, the Lord killed all the male firstborn in Egypt. Not even the son of Pharaoh was spared. Pharaoh, his officials, and every Egyptian woke up in the middle of the night and a loud wailing was heard over the land. There was not one household without someone dead. During that night, Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and told them to hurry and leave as they requested. The Egyptians were frightened that they would die if the Israelites remained and hurried them on their way with gold and silver, just as God had planned. They journeyed from Rameses to Succoth where they received further instruction from God concerning Passover. The Israeli tes did as commanded, and on that same day they were brought out of Egypt. BibliographyThe Bible, NIV VersionReligion

Minority Groups Issue in Modern World

Minority Groups Issue in Modern World Introduction Minority groups have always been part of every society. In any given society, there are those people who are considered weak or lesser by virtue of one aspect or another most of which are natural.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Groups Issue in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women have for a long time considered as minority groups in many societies; always taking the second place after men and always being denies opportunities which they deserve just by the mere fact that they are women. However over the years, the situation has changes and most minority groups and especially women have come out strongly to defend their position in the society. They have formed unions under whose umbrella they fight for their rights ensuring that they are not discriminated against just by the mere fact that they are women. Women have also managed to fight for a level paying ground and an equal pla tform just their male counterparts so that positions of leadership and other influential positions are given by merit and not based on gender or any other consideration. This discussion looks at the range of actions that minority groups are taking to advance their interests within the union movement and what other actions they could take to further their cause. Special attention will be paid to the different strategies and methods that minority groups are currently using or might use to further their goals. Who is a Minority Group? A minority group is segregated group in a society which always small and hence the name minority which is hardly incorporated or recognizes as part of the society. More often, this people are ignored or sort of disregarded and they are not sufficiently involved in social matters especially those that regard development.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is the continued sidelining of minority groups over the years that has resulted to the minority groups coming up with various strategies so as to advance their interests and ensure that they also participate actively in various developmental issues and other issues that are of societal concern. Minority groups are based on a number of factors mainly gender, age, sexual affiliation or general perceptions held by an individual (Simpson Yinger, 2005, p. 43). In the modern society, the most common minority groups include women based on their gender, children based on their age, lesbians and gays based on their sexual affiliation and other people who hold views that are not very popular with the rest of the society. As experience may have proven, it is not always easy to live under the umbrella of stereotype that most minority groups have to contend with. It is as if you do not belong in your very own society. It is a stereotype that has seen most of those belonging to minority gr oups attempt to break away if only to be treated in more â€Å"normal† way. However, with the strategies discussed below, it has become easier for these groups to find a place in the society where they could lead a productive life in the society and prove to the rest of the society that they are no different and can do equally good if not better just like everybody else. Strategies Used One strategy that has proven successful in helping minority groups advance their interests is joining union movements. Usually, a union movement is a group of people who come together with the main goals of ensuring that their interests are taken care of.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Groups Issue in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Union movements are common especially among workers in different sectors who come together to ensure that all their rights are respected and that they are able to advance ot her common interests they may have. It has also been noted that unlike in the past where most minority groups considered themselves lesser in their manner and behavior, this has since changed as most minority groups now consider themselves equal with other people (Whitley Kite, 2009, p. 65). In the past, most minority groups seemed to agree with the rest of the community that indeed they were lesser and did not have as equal rights as the rest of the people to access opportunities in different aspects of life. Minority groups have now come out strongly to show the rest of the world that being small in number of holding a view or perception that is not as popular does not make them any less. They have therefore become more assertive than they were previously and this has by and large helped them advance their interests. Unity is another aspect that has helped minority groups thrive and advance e their interest in the increasingly hostile society. Minority groups have been teaming up to form groups of their own with vested interests. For instance, women who have for a long time been considered as minority in many societies have found ways of empowering themselves by coming together to form groups which they use to come up with projects that are highly beneficial to them and to the society in general. Women for instance perhaps due to the fact that it is one of the minority groups that has been with the society for years has become more vocal than any other minority groups.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women have come out strongly to assert their positions and there are now more women in positions of leadership and power more than there were a couple of years back. Women have also formed various help groups and have come up with very successful projects most of which are income generating. Thus, besides providing a steady income to these women, they are also beneficial to the society and they have helped the general society change their general perception about women. Another strategy that most minority groups are using to advance their interest and further their goals is by teaming with non-governmental organizations who provide funding that is required to help kick start their projects. The non governmental organizations have been very instrumental especially in supporting women groups implement their projects thus making the society a better place. Another strategy that has helped minority groups come out from what is seen as cacoon is by actively participating in forums of nat ional issues and general societal concern. Women for instance have been participating in religious issues and some are already holding positions of importance in the religious domain. About a decade ago, women could not be allowed to hold such positions. Women and other minority groups have therefore come out to show the rest of the society that indeed they have equal potential and can equally perform well when given an opportunity. Minority groups have also been holding demonstration in an attempt to have the voice heard. These peaceful demonstrations have helped a great deal because even the government listens to these groups when they demonstrate. The essence of these demonstrations is to make an assertive voice to the government, policy makers and the society in general that the minority groups also have a right to be involved and adequately so in the participation of making decisions. Of all the minority groups that there are, the women and the young people can be said to be th e most successful. Perhaps this is because the basis on which they are considered to be a minority group is not controversial. Lesbians and gays have not been having to easy in trying to find their position in the society. Perhaps due to the fact many people in the society based on their upbringing do not consider these practices correct, the minority groups may be said to be finding it even more challenging than women and young people have. They have however continued to hold peaceful demonstrations asking the society to view them as normal whose sexual affiliation should not be used to alienate them. Unlike when these practices first merged, the society seems to be slowly accepting this group of people although there is still a tendency to look at this group of people as though they are not normal. People suffering from disabilities are also part of minority groups and they have also had a fair share of challenges in having the society accept them and consider them as equally pote ntial people who can deliver when given an opportunity to (Sproule, 1989, p. 123). The media has played a major role in highlighting the plight of minority groups and influencing the society to start viewing these people from a different angle. Currently, there are several people with disabilities who are holding managerial positions and this goes to show that the society is changing positively and learning to accept that disability is not inability. Other tactics that minority groups may use to further their goals and ensure that they have an impact in the society is by ensuring that they are more united than ever before ( Pentassuglia, 2009, p. 54). It has been noted that while segregated groups form unions to represent their rights and interests, the majority of people are left out and this means that there are many people belonging to the minority groups especially at the grass root level who do not have any support. It is important therefore for the lobby groups to ensure that all persons falling under the category of minority groups are well represented. Collaboration with civil rights movements is yet another strategy that will work well in helping the minority groups further their goals. Conclusion Women are perhaps the best example of a minority group that has managed to liberate themselves using most of the above discussed tactics. In the modern world, the woman is holding just as good a position just her male counterpart. In this century, minority groups have risen to show the rest of the society that they are equally part of the society and that they also have a big part to play in making the world a better place. If the trend that most minorities groups are taking is anything to go by, then it would be correct to say that in a couple of years to come, there may in fact not be any minority groups in the society. Instead, there will be many different groups with different agendas but bring considered as rightfully belonging to the larger society. Re ferences Pentassuglia, G. (2009). Minority groups and judicial discourse in international law: a comparative perspective. LA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Simpson, G. Yinger, J. (1985). Racial and cultural minorities: an analysis of prejudice and discrimination. London: Springer. Sproule, W. (1989). Minority Groups. New York: Gage. Whitley, B. Kite, M. (2009). The psychology of prejudice and discrimination. New  York: Francis and Taylor.

Definition and Examples of Marginal Modals in English

Definition and Examples of Marginal Modals in English In English grammar, a marginal modal is a verb (such as dare, need, used to, ought to) that displays some but not all of the properties of an auxiliary. The marginal modals all have meanings that are related to necessity and advice.  A marginal modal can be used as either an auxiliary or a main verb. Examples I think we ought to read only the kind of books that wound and stab us.(Franz Kafka, letter to Oscar Pollack, January 27, 1904)I used to live in a room full of mirrors.All I could see was me.(Jimi Hendrix, Room Full Of Mirrors)For Children: You will need to know the difference between Friday and a fried egg. Its quite a simple difference, but an important one. Friday comes at the end of the week, whereas a fried egg comes out of a chicken.(Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt: Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time. Crown, 2002) Characteristics of Marginal Modals Neither the marginal modal nor any of the modal idioms form past or present participles (thus *I have oughted to work hard, *I am oughting to work hard). And although very few semi-auxiliaries participate in compound tenses, a few function adequately as perfects (I have been able/going to/obliged/willing to work hard, I have been about to work hard on several occasions, I have had to work hard) and only two are unquestionably acceptable as progressives (I am being obliged to work hard, I am having to work hard). As a general rule, semi-auxiliaries are reluctant to enter compound tenses.(Richard V. Teschner and Eston E. Evans, Analyzing the Grammar of English, 3rd ed. Georgetown University  Press, 2007) Dare and Need As Marginal Modals ​​As modal verbs, dare and need take a bare infinitive complement in negated and/or inverted structures. They do not have third person singular forms.(128) Or darent you ask?(129) You neednt read every chapter.(130) And dare I suggest that that is the match-winner?(131) Nor need I look further than my own city of Sheffield.As a marginal modal verb need has no past tense: we cannot say, for example *He needed read every chapter. It expresses necessity which is clearly a central modal meaning. Dare is not obviously modal from the point of view of meaning, though it is forward-looking, and is sometimes regarded as instantiating dynamic modality, due to the fact that the act of daring relates to the subject of the clause.(Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011)The verb dare . . . is an odd little word. . . . Sometimes its called a marginal modal, but I prefer the description quasi modal. Either label, dare hovers between being an ordinary ga rden-variety verb meaning to challenge and one of these more abstract and grammatically complex verbs conveying a judgment about likelihoodand its this double life that gives rise to some fairly eccentric behaviour. Consider how it forms a negative. Do you say I darent (pronounced darent or dairnt), I dare not, or I dont care? T.S. Eliot might have chosen to phrase the question in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock as Do I dare to eat a peach? but some of you might prefer Dare I eat a peach? The word order is different, and its also variable whether or not you follow dare with to.Colloquial English is full of these quasi modals. The verb need is one, and so are contracted expressions such as gonna, wanna and halfta. But one of my current favourites is better as in I better do it.(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University  Press, 2005) Used to As a Marginal Modal Used to occurs only in the past tense form, and always includes to. We do not say * I use to go or * I used go. In the negative form, some people prefer it as a main verb (but are often uncertain about the spelling): I didnt (use(d) to go. Others prefer it as an auxiliary verb: I usent/used not to go (especially in Britain).(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Longman, 2004)[T]here are a number of marginal auxiliaries (dare, need, ought to, used to) that share some of the characteristics of the auxiliaries and a larger group of semi-auxiliaries (auxiliary-like verbs) that convey similar notions of time, aspect, and modality (e.g.: be going to, have to, had better).(Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University  Press, 1996) Also Known As: marginal auxiliary, marginal modal auxiliary, semi-modal, quasi-modal, semi-auxiliary

Compare and contrast christianity and hinduism Essay

Compare and contrast christianity and hinduism - Essay Example Christians believe in the holy book Bible that is completely different from the holy book of Hindus i.e. Gita. Christians and Hindus have different holy days. Hindus celebrate Holi and Diwali while Christians celebrate Christmas. Concept of life is completely different between Hinduism and Christianity. Hindus believe that every individual is blessed with seven life chances. That essentially means that an individual does not end up on death as per the Hindu belief. Instead, one gains birth seven times before diminishing from this world. Also, one may not necessarily gain life as a human in the next life. What one is blessed or cursed with in a particular life depends upon the deeds one did in the preceding life period. On the other hand, Christians believe in only one life period, like followers of most other religions do. One happens to be in the eternal world after death as per the Christian belief. Christians eat beef whereas Hindus worship cows. This is one of the biggest differences between Hinduism and Christianity. Hindus burn the dead ones and flow the remains of the burnt in the Ganga Jamna, which are their sacred waters. Christians burry their dead ones like Muslims. While comparing Christianity and Hinduism, one finds more differences than similarities. In fact, there is hardly anything similar between Christianity and Hinduism. However, some of the similarities that exist are these: Christians and Hinduism fundamentally believe in one God. No Hindu or Christian is atheist. Both have a belief in the eternal world that follows life in this world. Both Hindus and Christians have their own ideals that are bestowed upon them in order to teach them what is right and what is wrong. Hindus follow Karma and Christians follow Jesus. The extent to which a Hindu and Christian practices his/her religion is decided by the level of compliance with the teachings of Karma and Jesus respectively

Secret societies Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Secret societies - Thesis Example These legislations or law either snatch the right of someone to possess a gun or snatch the right totally from the manufacturers of the guns to produce guns. Many other countries have no such laws or legislations as the governments of these countries believe that these laws would do no good to the current situation of violence but it would rather increase it. Through my essay I would be able to research on the topic of Gun Control and would be able to know as to how it really is affecting the rate of violence nowadays. The readers can further know about the legislations against the possession of arms and would know if these legislations are successful or not. I believe that minimum gun control laws can be helpful in reducing crime rates as it has been witnessed in some real life examples. I believe that I can research on the topic by reviewing journals and articles which would help me to gain an insight in the topic. I would further review both the sides of gun control so that the readers can have a better understanding of the topic. I would put down the points of both the opponents and proponents on gun control laws and then conclude as to which side has stronger arguments. Some of the problems which I might face in writing the essay would possibly be related to researches which do not show statistics or are not complete to give out a conclusion. With every passing year, there are many changes that take place around the globe. These changes are to be met and faced accordingly. Gun control is a subject which lies in a similar category. It was banned a long time ago due to the safety of the citizens in those times and the low crime rate. But since time has changed and more protection is required by everyone, this ban can be revised considering the help that it can provide to people. This can be effective if suitable measures are taken before removing this ban. Huizinga, David, Rolf

Spirit Of Enquiry Is Vital To Human Fulfilment Philosophy Essay

Spirit Of Enquiry Is Vital To Human Fulfilment Philosophy Essay The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead; his eyes are closed. Albert Einstein Humans are by nature curious and enquiring beings. We are also rarely able to be content in the state in which we find ourselves, as there is always something not possessed or obtainable, something we are not fully aware of that we still desire. As we go about our daily lives we experience and actively seek the unknown. Indeed it is generally accepted that enquiry and curiosity generally leads to overwhelmingly positive experiences as opposed to continuing blindly with the mundane nature of everyday life. There is indeed much to be said for searching out new and exciting experiences, giving us a fuller perspective and a greater insight into the world around us. Scientists identify the spirit of enquiry as being synonymous to scientific temper most scientific discoveries, after all, were conceived in the spirit of enquiry. However, is this mental attitude crucial for human satisfaction and fulfilment? The quest for human fulfilment is one which to this day remains largely unsolved; there is of course no correct way to live ones life, otherwise we would all be satisfied. Human fulfilment is difficult to define but for me it represents, at its core, a basic feeling of happiness and satisfaction. Three things which I believe are absolutely paramount to this feeling of fulfilment are: successful relationships, achieving ones aims, and discovery self-discovery or otherwise. These are all inter-linked without venturing into some realm of the unknown, how can we ever have new experiences, achieve ones desires or meet other like-minded people? Enquiry is absolutely essential in leading us to the most fulfilling experiences of our lives, whether it is discovering and reading a book which inspires you to change your life, visiting an entirely new country and immersing yourself in its cultures and traditions or making an important scientific discovery. Whilst some scientific advances have been achieved purely by chance (e.g. the discovery of Penicillin) most require a questioning, seeking mind and perseverance at the highest level. Today science does not tend to advance by chance humans are at such a level of understanding (through our continuation of efforts) that we must in general use a trial and error basis for research, which is where intelligence and our basic feelings of curiosity are hugely important. In a similar way, it is generally accepted that in todays economic climate, a good education is of paramount importance. In a world where places for further education and where jobs are scarce, universities and prospective employers are increasingly looking for individuals who demonstrate this very spirit of enquiry. People who throw themselves into lots of different things are far more appealing than those who do not take advantage of their situation and do not actively seek new experiences; this is because an active and enquiring mind is present in an adaptable, versatile and intelligent individual. Thus, it is conducive to human fulfilment in the sense that it facilitates transition into the working world. Equally vital however is the ability to focus the mind, and not fall into the trap of becoming a jack of all trades, as leaving quests or pursuits unfinished can be the least fulfilling and most tragic thing of all. As well as its rather superficial economic benefits (ease of finding a job etc), an enquiring and curious mind is in my opinion a lot more content than an intellectually apathetic one however, according to various polls, only a small proportion of Americans own passports (the Guardian estimates the number at 22%). Although this is not a definitive sign that they are not mentally inquisitive, it does suggest some of them have little interest in leaving the safety and comfort of their country. However this does not apparently adversely affect their happiness according to a survey from gallup.com, 84% of Americans say they are satisfied with the way things are going in their personal life at this time, while 14% are dissatisfied. In this case, those surveyed feel fulfilled without having to take the leap of leaving their country. There is obviously a significant defence to the argument that only through intellectual curiosity we can be truly fulfilled. However I believe that the more basic intelligence one has, the more one will naturally feel the instinct to explore and to enquire. Those who do will often become enriched by the wealth of knowledge and personal experience gained, and those who dont will either continue unaware of what the world holds and not mind while the rest will undoubtedly feel unfulfilled. There is of course an argument that in some cases, ignorance is bliss. I strongly believe that todays current state of general hysteria (particularly with regard to health and crime) is in some part caused the media whether its claims be misinformed or otherwise, I believe that (warnings about genuine and formidable dangers aside) some things are better left unsaid. Scaremongering the public about the possible carcinogenic properties of everyday foods or the pervasiveness of violent crime is not particularly constructive; it is hard to focus on the things which really matter in life and seek fulfilment in an atmosphere of chronic paranoia in some ways, a more relaxed approach to daily life would be more beneficial to the human spirit. However, I strongly believe that on a more basic level, humans must continue to search spiritually, scientifically and personally if there is any hope for happiness and fulfilment. There is a danger that if we let the important aspects of our lives be pushed aside by apathy and ignorance, we run the risk of losing sight of these things entirely, which would be a tragedy as friendship, love and discovery are the sole paths to human fulfilment and being happy, which in the end is arguably the most important thing we can ever hope to be.

Communication Barriers

Eliminating Barriers to Cross-Cultural Communication through Curricular Interventions By David Dankwa-Apawu (Lecturer) Ghana Institute of Journalism P. O. Box GP 667 Accra, Ghana +233208704133 +233302228336 [email  protected] co. uk 1 ABSTRACT With the world fast becoming a global village, communicating across cultures has become an inevitable reality. On one hand, cross-cultural communication or intercultural communication presents a fine opportunity to foster global peace and prosperity as we mine the potential value of cultural diversity. Also read: Explain the Importance of Ensuring That Communication Equipment is Correctly Set UpOn the other hand, it can present unpleasant consequences if not well managed. The latter seems more prevalent in our world today as a result of the barriers cultural diversity imposes on intercultural communication. Intercultural or cross-cultural communication barriers such as anxiety, uncertainty, stereotyping, and ethnocentrism are caused by inadequate cultural knowledge and the lack of intercultural communicative skills. Eliminating these barriers will require adequate training in intercultural communication and exposure to cultures outside ours.The school provides the best motivation, structures, and resources for training or socializing our younger generation therefore this paper proposes a number of curricular interventions the school can implement to equip learners to overcome intercultural communication barriers. These interventions include the adoption of multicultural education i n our schools, the introduction of literature and cultural studies as subjects, the use of communicative language teaching approach in teaching language, and the use of the new media in the classroom.The justification (for these interventions) presented in this paper is drawn mainly from published accounts and exploratory ethnographic studies. INTRODUCTION Intercultural communication or cross-cultural communication is a relatively new field of study, yet it has generated a lot of interest. Research in this area has been diverse yet interdisciplinary, making it possible to link intercultural communication to a broad spectrum of disciplines such business, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and psychology. Studies in intercultural 2 ommunication gained prominence after efforts by anthropologists and linguists like Hall and Lado to link language, culture, and communication (Kramsch, 2001). Initial research in the area focused on developing guidelines or principles for training people who were engaged in multinational businesses, international diplomacy, and missionary activities (Kramsch, 2001). Today, however, many new grounds, in terms of research approaches, have been broken, and more and more theories have been developed to deepen our understanding of intergroup communication.For instance, through various studies it has been possible to distinguish between intercultural and cross-cultural communication, with the former focussing on face-to-face communication between people of different national cultures while the latter involves the comparison of face-to-face communication across cultures (Gudykunst and Mody, 2001). But these two areas are two sides of a coin, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably (Kramsch, 2001).More than the pioneering work of early researchers, global dynamics have remarkably made the field of cross-cultural or intercultural communication attractive. Today there is rapid internationalization of every institution and system in our world: school, religion, business, governance, and so on. This rapid globalisation, being fuelled by unprecedented technological advancement in transport and telecommunication, means people of different cultural backgrounds are increasingly getting close to one another to maximise the value cultural diversity offers.But as we get face-to-face with people of different cultural backgrounds the challenge of dealing with our cultural differences and harnessing the potential benefits of cultural diversity becomes enormous. Cultural differences have significant impact on our intercultural communication. They are the source of misunderstanding, misinterpretation, 3 anxiety, and uncertainty, which ultimately result in miscommunication (Stephan and Stephan, 2002:127; Gudykunst, 2002; Gudykunst and Lee, 2002).Studies in intercultural or cross-cultural communication are helping shape many facets of our human interaction by drawing attention to the characteristics of verbal and nonverbal be haviour across cultures, the impact of culture in constructing meaning, the structure and communicative goals of discourses, and factors that influence our ability, or otherwise, to interact and interpret discourse (Kramsch, 2001). Theories and empirical studies in intercultural communication have had serious implications for social action and social change (Rogers and Hart, 2002:14).It is the purpose of this paper to justify the inclusion of activities that promote intercultural training in school curriculums. This paper proposes a number of activities or interventions the school can implement to help learners deal with the barriers inherent in intercultural communication, and eventually equip them to be effective communicators. The justification presented in this paper is drawn mainly from published accounts and exploratory ethnographic studies.KEY CONCEPTS Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Communication In studying intercultural communication many researchers have attempt ed to conceptualise culture and communication from various perspectives in order to appreciate their interrelationship. Generally, culture is conceptualised as a shared way of life collectively developed and shared by a group of people and transmitted from generation to generation (Tubbs 4 and Moss, 1994).Culture embodies many complex elements such as beliefs, values, language, political systems, and tools which together give a group its code or characteristics (Griffin, 2000; Tubbs and Moss, 1994). This code is not imposed by one individual or an external body. Rather, it is â€Å"socially constructed† (by members that make up the group) and â€Å"historically transmitted† (Philipsen, 1992, cited in Griffin, 2000:390). More significantly, culture is owned by a group of people who by consensus accept and share a common code, verbal or nonverbal, reflective of specific values, beliefs, customs, and so on (Barnet and Lee, 2002).Goodenough (1964) views culture not in term s of things or behaviour but in terms of a picture of things a people form in their minds, and their models for perceiving, relating, and interpreting things and behaviour (cited in Barnet and Lee, 2002:276). The convergence one could draw from all these definitions is the fact that each group is bound by a certain unique way of doing things and interpreting things or behaviour. Communication, though variously defined, generally describes a process by which information is exchanged among two or more people in a given context.Ultimately, this process of exchanging information is bound by a purpose: that is, to reduce uncertainty and develop a common understanding among the interactants (Barnett and Lee, 2002). Intercultural communication is thus â€Å"the exchange of information between well-defined groups of people with significantly different cultures† (Barnett and Lee, 2002:277). The process is quite complex in the sense that this exchange of information takes place in a co ntext which is a fusion of significantly different systems. The process also requires conscious attempts by each party at reducing â€Å"uncertainty about the future behaviour of the other party through an increase in understanding of the other group† (Barnett and Lee, 2002:277; Gudykunst, 2002). Clearly, cultural variability (the extent to which cultures differ) is key to any conceptualization of intercultural communication. Various studies have examined cultural variability at the level of power distribution (or power distance), uncertainty avoidance, gender roles, face negotiation, individualism-collectivism, and others (Gudykunst and Lee, 2002; Griffin, 2000).One popular conclusion is that cultural variability is the main predictor of how successful one can be in any intercultural communication encounter. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Gudykunst’s Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Model Gudykunst and associates developed the anxiety and uncertainty management theory to exp lain what happens when we communicate with people of different cultural backgrounds. The theory suggests that when interlocutors of different cultural backgrounds clash in face-to-face interactions, they are confronted with uncertainty (which Gudykunst describes as cognitive) and anxiety (affective) (Griffin, 2000:396).The uncertainty describes our inability to explain actions and reactions of the â€Å"strangers† we communicate with. It demonstrates how unsure we are about the interpretations we impute on the behaviour of the people we communicate with (Griffin, 2000). Anxiety, on the other hand, portrays our feeling of uneasiness and apprehension about what might happen in the intercultural communication encounter. The extent to which we are influenced by anxiety and uncertainty would determine how effective we would be in our intercultural communication (Gudykunst, 2000). 6Although anxiety and uncertainty exert some influence on intra-group communication, their impact is p rofound in intercultural communication. Anxiety and uncertainty filter the mutual understanding that must exist to make any communication encounter successful. But anxiety and uncertainty are not entirely negative. Rather they compel us to approach our communication with a level of â€Å"mindfulness†, a deliberate thought over the communication process. In our state of uncertainty and uneasiness, we constantly become conscious of our choices and in the long run manage the communication situations to minimise misunderstanding.In intercultural communication anxiety and uncertainty are heighten by cultural variability. If the differences between cultures are profound, anxiety and uncertainty would increase when members of the different cultural groups engage in intercultural communication. In a schematic representation Gudykunst demonstrates the underlying causes of uncertainty and anxiety as motivational, knowledge and skill factors. For this paper these factors offer relevant support for the need to incorporate various interventions into our school curriculum to train learners in intercultural communication.The skill factors include our ability to empathise, tolerate ambiguities, adapt communication, and gather appropriate information. Knowledge of more than one perspective, similarities and differences, alternative interpretations are some of the knowledge factors relevant for effective intercultural communication. The motivational factors are needs, attraction, social bonds and openness to information. Clearly, all these factors are not divorced from the traditional aims of education for which schools are established. Fundamentally society has vested in the school the responsibility of 7 quipping the young generation with skills, knowledge, and the right motivation for dealing with personal and societal challenges (Sadker and Sadker, 2003: 140; Ornstein, 1995). It is therefore not out of place if the school realigns its curriculum to accommodate interv entions that would train young people in intercultural communication, a growing challenge in this globalised world. Through curricular interventions proposed in this paper learners would acquire the requisite skills, knowledge, and motivation to manage their intercultural communication in more effective ways. Training in ntercultural, among other things, exposes learners to barriers such as anxiety, uncertainty, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism inherent in intercultural communication and equips learners with skills such as mindfulness necessary for managing intercultural communication. This theory strongly support the need for training in intercultural communication and in my view the school has the space, time, orientation, and resources to offer such training. Communicative Competence Hymes (1972) developed the theory of communicative competence to establish a link between language and culture (Richards and Rogers, 1986:69).This theory asserts that both linguistic knowledge and soci ocultural or contextual knowledge are prerequisites for any effective intercultural communication (Richards and Rogers, 1986:69). Communicative competence highlights the view that language and culture are inseparable. Therefore linguistic competence should go along with a commensurate cultural competence, that is, one described as communicatively competent must have both linguistic and cultural competence.Linguistic competence is demonstrated in the grammatical knowledge one possesses, such as knowledge of words, phrases, and sentences and rules governing their combination in discourse. Cultural competence, on the other hand, focuses on the cultural propriety of linguistic choices in a real 8 communication encounter. Different social situations require different routines that are culturally defined. The competent communicator chooses the appropriate linguistic forms that meet the cultural expectation of the context in which the communication takes place.In some contexts in Ghana, fo r instance, â€Å"Please† is a polite marker not just for requests but all forms of speech acts or discourse, especially with adults. Therefore, it is not uncommon to hear expressions like â€Å"Please, Good morning,† â€Å"Yes, Please,† and â€Å"Please, my name is Kofi†. The speaker with communicative competence would have to vary his routines to meet the differences in cultural expectations. If the same communicator meets a native British the above use of â€Å"Please† would be avoided.The theory of communicative competence lends enough credence to the call for training in intercultural communication in our schools through direct and indirect curricular interventions. Traditionally, our school system has focused on training learners to acquire grammatical knowledge. This paper calls for a commensurate training in contextual competence. Such competence will include knowledge of the different expectations different cultural contexts impose on diff erent communication situations. This knowledge is vital in reducing anxiety and uncertainty which are inherent barriers in intercultural communication.Recent studies in intercultural communication strongly support the need for intercultural training of employees, both domestic and international, in areas of cultural diversity and intercultural communication (Albert, 1994). The position of this paper is that the school (from the basic to the tertiary levels) is a better placed to offer this training. 9 BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Misunderstanding is the ultimate barrier to communication (Griffin, 2000:394). Communication is said to have taken place when interlocutors have been able to reach some common interpretation of their intentions.Even in intra-group communication it is almost impossible to reach absolute understanding. This makes inter-group or inter-cultural communication even more challenging. The existence of cultural variability is in itself a barrier to interc ultural communication. When cultures are widely apart or different, it means the level of cultural variability is high, resulting in high levels of anxiety and uncertainty, which ultimately bring tension and misunderstanding into the intercultural communication situation. To illustrate: I gave a gift to a colleague who came from a different cultural background.My expectation was an extended response of appreciation from him. My disappointment was with the left hand with which he took the gift and the brief appreciation he expressed. He didn’t like, or he didn’t value it. I was worried he would not be nice towards me again. All these interpretations I made reflected my uncertainty about his actions and my anxiety reflected my worry and apprehensions about what might happened. My cultural context reflects a high context type in which more attention is given to interpreting non-verbal behaviours.By sharp contrast my colleague belonged to a low cultural context which stres ses direct and explicit communication, that is, verbal messages are vital in a communication process. 10 Mistranslation Barriers to verbal communication include cultural mistranslation (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). This is common in second and foreign language context. Scholars are divided over how such mistranslation should be perceived (Kachru, 1990). While some have described mistranslation in derogatory terms like â€Å"interference† and â€Å"sub-standard forms†, others have perceived them as innovations which reflect cultural dynamics.But the reality is that in intercultural communication mistranslation undermines understanding. Literal translation such as â€Å"I am going to come† instead of â€Å"I shall return† can be sources of misunderstanding. Expressions such as â€Å"I am going to greet the king† or â€Å"to the white house† or â€Å"to the end room† (meaning â€Å"I am going to the toilet†) are cultural innovations tha t can be sources of misunderstanding in inter cultural communication. Norms and Roles Norms are culturally defined rules for determining acceptable and appropriate behaviour (Tubbs and Moss, 1994).They include those that govern social situations and conversational routines such as greetings, making requests, and expressing various emotions. In intercultural communication interlocutors may be tempted to transfer their cultural norms to contexts that are not appropriate (Richards and Sukwiwat, 1983). Roles are also sources of cultural variability. Roles are sets of norms applicable to specific groups of people in society. In a particular culture, different roles are assigned to men and women, children and parents/guardians, usbands and wives, and so on. In some Ghanaian contexts women are expected to kneel while talking to men; subjects cannot talk directly to a chief except through linguists. Violations of these roles may pose serious threats to intercultural communication. 11 Belief s and Values Beliefs and values impede understanding in intercultural communication. Some interlocutors will not be forthright with information on personal ambition, finances, and career plans because of their beliefs, especially beliefs that assert strong influence of the supernatural on man.Beliefs in witchcraft, for instance, would scare people from giving out personal information to strangers. On the other hand, people would usually readily communicate their values and feelings, especially when such values are being disrespected. Stereotyping Stereotypes are our value judgements about people (Pang, 2001:114). They are born out of our inadequate information about people, making us make unintelligent choices in our intercultural communication. Cultural stereotypes, like any other type of stereotypes, hinder understanding because they exaggerate or overgeneralize what we perceive about people (Tubbs and Moss, 1994).Overgeneralised thoughts result in misinterpretation of actions, th us heightening anxiety, which is a threat to understanding. Almost everyone imposes one stereotype or the other on individuals or groups of people. Stereotypes can be favourable or unfavourable to a group (Pang, 2001). Some stereotypes include perceiving some groups as quick tempered, dishonest, smart, and liars. Generally, stereotypes are born out of our fear of the group we stereotype or the lack of knowledge of the group, or misconceptions, or high levels of cultural variability (Pang, 2001).The media is unfortunately perceived as a strong promoter of stereotypes (Tubbs and Moss, 1994; Pang, 2001). This is because the media is a major source of information about foreigners or strangers. As we watch movies or international news we form exaggerated opinions about the 12 groups represented. Usually the amount of information we gather is limited thus leading us to form such inadequate conclusions. Dispelling stereotypes seems almost impossible, and in intercultural communication the challenge to dispel stereotypes is even more profound.However, since stereotypes are born out of inadequate cultural information or experience of other cultures, cultural awareness and intercultural training can be helpful in dealing with cultural stereotypes. Ethnocentrism Our own cultural experience inadvertently causes us to feel that culture is innate. Hence we are forced to feel or think that our group’s way of life is the standard against which all other groups’ culture should be assessed. Therefore any contrary code or behaviour is considered improper or irresponsible or politically motivated (Hall, 1976, cited in Tubbs and Moss, 1994:443).This tendency to judge the code of other cultures by using our culture as the standard is described as ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism creeps into intercultural communication to filter understanding by heightening anxiety, which, as shown, is a threat to understanding (Stephan and Stephan, 1992). The higher the level of ethnocent rism, the higher the level of anxiety. Cross-cultural awareness is can go a long way to reduce ethnocentrism and, invariably, anxiety and enhance our capacity to handle intercultural communication in effective ways.CURRICULA INTERVENTIONS Curriculum refers to the totality of the experience the school offers learners. It includes both planned and unplanned activities, the physical and socio-cultural environment which impact directly or indirectly on the learner. This paper proposes that the school, through its curriculum, make conscious efforts at promoting intercultural training. Below are the interventions proposed: 13 Multicultural Education With the world shrinking into a global village, nations, businesses, schools, organizations, and our societies at large are becoming culturally diverse (Spring, 2002).On daily basis we are compelled by globalization to interact or relate with people of different cultural origin. To deal with the challenges of cultural diversity there is the ne ed for our schools to adopt the multicultural educational approach. Multicultural education is not just accommodation different cultures in a school setting. Rather multicultural education aims at providing an enabling school environment which equips learners to function in other culture without losing ties with their original culture (Spring, 2002).A multicultural school environment brings together learners of different cultural background for the purpose of equipping them with skills, knowledge, and attitudes that will make them functional both to themselves and to the larger society. Such settings are better posed to respond more effectively to children of different cultural backgrounds and exploit those differences as foundations on which new learning can be built (Tozer, Violas, and Senese 2001). Multicultural education directly or indirectly equips learners to be able to manage the uncertainty and anxiety that usually characterise intercultural communication.Gudykunst’s axiom 37 asserts that when we share a common objective with strangers our anxiety levels decrease and we are able to build the needed confidence in predicting their behaviour. At the very superficial level, just putting together people of different cultural origin under the common goal of schooling or education would help reduce misunderstanding that usually comes from uncertainty and anxiety (Griffin, 200:401) 14 A multicultural curriculum offers an excellent educational environment for learners to learn more about people of other cultures, thus reducing stereotypes and ethnocentric tendencies.Stereotypes results from limited experience or information about other cultures. If learners get to experience other learners of different cultural backgrounds they learn more about their cultures. In Ghana, until recently, secondary schools and colleges were characterised by students of different cultural backgrounds. This provided real opportunities for students to appreciate the cultural diversity of the country. Though each school was culturally diverse there existed a strong common bound in each school, especially during inter collegiate competitions.Here diversity well managed brings unity. This situation is unfortunately being replaced by I proposed that when community schools, which are generally culturally homogenous. community schools are established educational systems should promote diversity in the positing of students to school and colleges. Cultural Studies Not long ago, cultural studies was a subject in basic schools in Ghana and learners were exposed to the diverse cultural groups in the country. Beneficiaries of this curriculum acquired basic knowledge of the different cultural groups.They had the opportunity to acquire, among other things, knowledge of conventional routine differences, differences in political institutions and values. A unique feature of the cultural studies curriculum was the approach. Teachers were encouraged to use resource person s in their communities. These were indigenes of the cultures being represented or taught. Again, role plays, field trips and audio visual materials were included in the teaching methods of the subject.Cultural studies provided a platform for learners to juxtapose their culture with others in order to appreciate the diversity and its prospects, especially in this age of globalisation. 15 Cultural knowledge reduces â€Å"cultural shock† which sometimes leads to negative attitude towards a new culture (DeVito, 2002). Gudykunst’s axiom 41 supports the view that an increase in our knowledge of strangers’ language and culture will produce an increase in our ability to manage our anxiety and an increase in our ability to accurately predict their behaviour (Griffin, 2000:400).Certainly there are enough reasons for the inclusion of cultural studies in our school curriculum. The Study of Literature Literature as a discipline provides an ideal opportunity to integrate cult ural content into the school curriculum (Pang, 2001:224). While providing delight and enjoyment, literature sharpens our imaginations and offers us a vicarious experience in the world we live in (Huck, Helper, Hickman, and Kiefer, 2001:8). Literature offers us the fastest, cheapest, but the most thrilling cruise around the world. The experience we enjoy in literatures is timeless as we read from across the globe.We can also travel as far back as the era of Beowulf, Sophocles, Chaucer, and Shakespeare or fly into the year 2044 in Welwyn Wilton Katz’s Time Ghost. In all these experiences literature offers a unique approach to learning about the culture of people in different parts of the world, how their culture existed, how it is evolving, and how it may change with time. Texts which portray authentic intercultural interactions provide readers with the motivation, knowledge, and skills to overcome anxiety, uncertainty, and other barriers of intercultural communication.The Comp rehensiveness of literature experience provides meaningful ways of reducing stereotyping and ethnocentric tendencies. 16 Language Teaching and Learning Traditional language curriculums focus on grammatical competence while communicative competence suffers neglect. Products of such curriculums usually display high competence in linguistic knowledge but lack requisite skills in handling authentic communication (Dzamishie, 1997; Richards and Rogers, 1986; Richards and Sukwiwat, 1983). What they lack is a basic understanding of the socio-cultural function of language.In second and foreign language learning contexts the challenge has always been which model learners should be exposed to and which language culture should be emphasised. Of course it makes sense to adopt the target or native speaker model, with all the cultural attachments, as medium of instruction. But such a choice without recourse to the changing communication needs of learners will not be appropriate. To address the dil emma of which model to use, Norrish (1978) calls for a liberalisation of views on non standard language varieties. The English language, for instance, has metamorphosed into several Englishes.Therefore, â€Å"to teach only one form of English would seem to be asking for a conflict between the different Englishes in use. † (Norrish 1978:35). The most meaningful approach then is to â€Å"consider the different uses of English in a particular country† (Norrish, 1978:35). The question should be: Which models will serve the communication needs of learners? If learners need English to communicate with native speakers, then the native model should be taught. Similarly, if learners would largely communicate in a typical Ghanaian context, for instance, then the Ghanaian model, with its cultural innovations, should be the model.In so far as it is possible, more than one model should be taught. This is the poly-model Norrish proposes. The poly-model exposes 17 learners to the cul ture behind language. It emphasises socio-cultural or contextual awareness in communication especially between inter-groups. Concerning approach, the communicative language teaching model is popular today (Richards and Rogers, 1986; Dzameshie 1997). This approach focuses on communicative competence. Its curriculum is experience-based and learner-centred (Richards and Rogers, 1986).The content generally includes â€Å"well-selected experiences† that reflect the real life or authentic communication needs of learners (Richard and Rogers, 1986). The value of this approach in intercultural communication is the experience the language curriculum offers. Communicative language teaching addresses learners’ language needs, equipping them to communicate effectively in a world of cultural diversity. The New Media in the classroom The digital age is not only making it easier and faster for us to get closer to each other, it is also making it possible for us to see and know what ot hers are doing.The new media in the classroom provides learners with a window through which they can see people of other cultures. Through virtual tours to places of different cultural backgrounds, documentaries, interviews, and social sites, learners bridge the gap of knowledge they know about people on the other side of their culture. The prospects are tremendous but the challenges are enormous. The digital divide is still too wide for us to be able to explore other cultures. In many developing countries access to the new media is still a luxury. 18IMPLICATIONS The inclusion of intercultural training in our school curriculum is worthwhile for our schools, and the world of work, which are fast becoming culturally diverse. Unfortunately many students, teachers, and school authorities are being frustrated by the diversity invading the school. Training learners and educators to deal with the barriers diversity creates in their intercultural relationships will transform our schools int o peaceful and conducive learning and working environments while preparing learners to face the communication realities in the world outside the school.Intercultural training will certainly link the school with industry or the world of work. If the school provides adequate intercultural training through various curricular activities, it will reduce the cultural shock learners are bound to face after school. Although many disciplines are craving for attention and inclusion in our school curriculum and curriculum developers are overwhelmed by what should be where at what time and with what resource, the best decision lies in counting the cost, weighing the options available and taking bold political and socio-economic steps.Implementing these curricula interventions would involve the realignment of the school curriculum, bearing in mind various needs and interests. In this case there should be a clear policy framework that will guide design, implantation, and evaluation of the new cur riculum being proposed. Again, there would be the need to adequately resources our schools to accommodate the changes proposed. CONCLUSION This paper has proposed that the school curriculum provide space for activities that will train learners to overcome barriers inherent in intercultural communication.There could be many other interventions, but what this paper seeks to suggest is that interventions through the school 19 curriculum should be the first option. Neither educational level nor geographical boundaries are specified in this paper. This is born out of the belief that intercultural relation or communication is real and knows no limits. This paper has provided justification for the inclusion in our school curriculum training in intercultural communication. The next challenge that should attract the attention of researchers is how to design, implement, and evaluate the propose curricula change.REFERENCES Albert, R. D. (1994). Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Training in Multinational Organizations. In Wiseman, R. L. and Shuter, R. (eds. ) Communicating in Multinational Organizations. 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